History of Fusuma:
Fusuma has its origins in ancient Japan, where it was used for room dividers and doors in traditional Japanese architecture. While sliding doors are an essential element of traditional Japanese architecture, its origins can be traced back to China. It is believed that sliding doors were first introduced to Japan during the Asuka Period (592-710 AD). This was a period when many aspects of Chinese culture –language, writing, architecture, and religion – were adopted by the Japanese. From the Heian period (794-1185 AD), the use of fusuma became more popular. It served to divide the rooms of the houses in which the Japanese lived, such as the bedroom and living room.
Image from HARIMA INDUSTRIAL CO.
What is Fusuma?
The fusuma is traditionally made with multiple layers of Japanese washi paper on a grid-shaped wooden structure (typically 90 cm (2 ft 11 in) wide by 180 cm (5 ft 11 in) tall, similar to the size of a futon). The surface is then finished with a special fusuma paper. The Fusuma paper can have drawings, patterns, and various colors, but sometimes it can be simple and plain.
Fusuma were made from wooden frames covered in silk, later "karakami", a lightweight paper introduced from China. Over time, the functionality of fusuma expanded to include artistic elements, transforming them into works of art. During the Sengoku Period, the home became a significant symbol of social status, and there was an emphasis on room configuration and décor. On the fusuma, art called Yamato-e ("Japanese painting") was drawn. This was art mainly depicting flourishing nature and the people of Japan.
Fusuma: Tigers and Dragon by Kishi Ganku
Significance:
Sliding doors are versatile elements in Japanese architecture and have become symbolic of Japanese culture and design. The art adorning fusuma panels is not just decorative but carries deep symbolic meanings rooted in Japanese culture and tradition. For example, different aspects of seasonal flowers and landscapes represent the Japanese appreciation for the beauty of nature. Similarly, depictions of animals like cranes represent longevity, while scenes from traditional folklore and mythology represent the rich history of Japanese storytelling.
Frolicking Birds in Plum and Willow Trees by Kanō Sansetsu
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